Immersed and floating tunnels

Moving Load Analysis of Submerged Floating Tunnels

The concept of floating submerged tunnels becomes increasingly attractive idea to cross the straits. The structural solution in these bridges includes buoyancy force on tunnel body plus tension in mooring tethers. This paper investigates the effect of submergence on the dynamic response of submerged floating tunnels due to moving load. The inertial effect of the fluid on the submerged structure...

Explosion loads in immersed tunnels February 2009

Cohomology and Immersed Curves

We introduce a new cohomology-theoretic method for classifying generic immersed curves in closed compact surfaces by using Gauss codes. This subsumes a result of J.S. Carter on classifying immersed curves in oriented compact surfaces, and provides a criterion for when an immersion is two-colorable. We note an application to twisted virtual link theory.

Unknotting Tunnels and Seifert Surfaces

Let K be a knot with an unknotting tunnel γ and suppose that K is not a 2-bridge knot. There is an invariant ρ = p/q ∈ Q/2Z, p odd, defined for the pair (K, γ). The invariant ρ has interesting geometric properties: It is often straightforward to calculate; e. g. for K a torus knot and γ an annulus-spanning arc, ρ(K, γ) = 1. Although ρ is defined abstractly, it is naturally revealed when K ∪ γ i...

Tunnels in digital objects

An important concept in digital geometry for computer imagery is that of tunnel. In this paper we obtain a formula for the number of tunnels as a function of the number of the object vertices, pixels, holes, connected components, and 2 × 2 grid squares. It can be used to test for tunnel-freedom a digital object, in particular a digital curve.